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<title>Data processing</title>

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<span id="openzim-page-title" class="mw-page-title-main"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Data processing</span></span>

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</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">For other uses, see <a href="Data_processing_(disambiguation)" class="mw-disambig" title="Data processing (disambiguation)">Data processing (disambiguation)</a>.</div>

<p><b>Data processing</b> is the <a href="Data_collection" title="Data collection">collection</a> and manipulation of digital data to produce meaningful information.<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Data processing is a form of <i>information processing</i>, which is the modification (processing) of information in any manner detectable by an observer.<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>note 1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

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<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Functions">Functions</h2></div>

<p>Data processing may involve various processes, including:

</p>

<ul><li><a href="Data_validation" title="Data validation">Validation</a> – Ensuring that supplied data is correct and relevant.</li>

<li><a href="Sorting" title="Sorting">Sorting</a> – "arranging items in some sequence and/or in different sets."</li>

<li><a href="Summary_statistic" class="mw-redirect" title="Summary statistic">Summarization (statistical)</a> or <a href="Automatic_summarization" title="Automatic summarization">(automatic)</a> – reducing detailed data to its main points.</li>

<li><a href="Aggregate_data" title="Aggregate data">Aggregation</a> – combining multiple pieces of data.</li>

<li><a href="Statistical_analysis" class="mw-redirect" title="Statistical analysis">Analysis</a> – the "collection, <a href="Organization" title="Organization">organization</a>, analysis, interpretation and presentation of data."</li>

<li><a href="Operational_reporting" title="Operational reporting">Reporting</a> – list detail or summary data or computed information.</li>

<li><a href="Data_classification_(business_intelligence)" title="Data classification (business intelligence)">Classification</a> – separation of data into various categories.</li></ul>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2></div>

<p>The <a href="United_States_Census_Bureau" title="United States Census Bureau">United States Census Bureau</a> history illustrates the evolution of data processing from manual through electronic procedures.

</p>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Manual_data_processing">Manual data processing</h3></div>

<p>Although widespread use of the term <i>data processing</i> dates only from the 1950s,<sup id="cite_ref-DPuse_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-DPuse-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> data processing functions have been performed manually for millennia. For example, <a href="Bookkeeping" title="Bookkeeping">bookkeeping</a> involves functions such as posting transactions and producing reports like the <a href="Balance_sheet" title="Balance sheet">balance sheet</a> and the <a href="Cash_flow_statement" title="Cash flow statement">cash flow statement</a>. Completely manual methods were augmented by the application of <a href="Mechanical_calculator" title="Mechanical calculator">mechanical</a> or electronic <a href="Calculator" title="Calculator">calculators</a>. A person whose job was to perform calculations manually or using a calculator was called a "<a href="Human_computer" class="mw-redirect" title="Human computer">computer</a>."

</p><p>The <a href="1890_United_States_census" title="1890 United States census">1890 United States census</a> schedule was the first to gather data by individual rather than <a href="Household" title="Household">household</a>. A number of questions could be answered by making a check in the appropriate box on the form. From 1850 to 1880 the Census Bureau employed "a system of tallying, which, by reason of the increasing number of combinations of classifications required, became increasingly complex. Only a limited number of combinations could be recorded in one tally, so it was necessary to handle the schedules 5 or 6 times, for as many independent tallies."<sup id="cite_ref-Truesdell65_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Truesdell65-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> "It took over 7 years to publish the results of the 1880 census"<sup id="cite_ref-Bohme91_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Bohme91-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> using manual processing methods.

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<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Automatic_data_processing">Automatic data processing</h3></div>

<p>The term <i><a href="Electronic_data_processing" title="Electronic data processing">automatic data processing</a></i> was applied to operations performed by means of <a href="Unit_record_equipment" title="Unit record equipment">unit record equipment</a>, such as <a href="Herman_Hollerith" title="Herman Hollerith">Herman Hollerith</a>'s application of <a href="Punched_card" title="Punched card">punched card</a> equipment for the <a href="1890_United_States_census" title="1890 United States census">1890 United States census</a>. "Using Hollerith's punchcard equipment, the Census Office was able to complete tabulating most of the 1890 census data in 2 to 3 years, compared with 7 to 8 years for the 1880 census. It is estimated that using Hollerith's system saved some $5 million in processing costs"<sup id="cite_ref-Bohme91_5-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Bohme91-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> in 1890 dollars even though there were twice as many questions as in 1880.

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<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Computerized_data_processing">Computerized data processing</h3></div>

<p>Computerized data processing, or <a href="Electronic_data_processing" title="Electronic data processing">electronic data processing</a> represents a later development, with a computer used instead of several independent pieces of equipment. The Census Bureau first made limited use of <a href="Electronic_computers" class="mw-redirect" title="Electronic computers">electronic computers</a> for the <a href="1950_United_States_census" title="1950 United States census">1950 United States census</a>, using a <a href="UNIVAC_I" title="UNIVAC I">UNIVAC I</a> system,<sup id="cite_ref-Truesdell65_4-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Truesdell65-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> delivered in 1952.

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<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Other_developments">Other developments</h3></div>

<p>The term <i>data processing</i> has mostly been subsumed by the more general term <i><a href="Information_technology" title="Information technology">information technology</a></i> (IT).<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The older term "data processing" is suggestive of older technologies. For example, in 1996 the <i><a href="Data_Processing_Management_Association" class="mw-redirect" title="Data Processing Management Association">Data Processing Management Association</a></i> (DPMA) changed its name to the <i>Association of Information Technology Professionals</i>. Nevertheless, the terms are approximately synonymous.

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<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Applications">Applications</h2></div>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Commercial_data_processing">Commercial data processing</h3></div>

<div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="Electronic_data_processing" title="Electronic data processing">Electronic data processing</a></div>

<p>Commercial data processing involves a large volume of input data, relatively few computational operations, and a large volume of output. For example, an insurance company needs to keep records on tens or hundreds of thousands of policies, print and mail bills, and receive and post payments.

</p>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Data_analysis">Data analysis</h3></div>

<div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="Data_analysis" title="Data analysis">Data analysis</a></div>

<p>In science and engineering, the terms <i>data processing</i> and <i><a href="Information_system" title="Information system">information systems</a></i> are considered too broad, and the term <i>data processing</i> is typically used for the initial stage followed by a <a href="Data_analysis" title="Data analysis">data analysis</a> in the second stage of the overall data handling.

</p><p>Data analysis uses specialized <a href="Algorithm" title="Algorithm">algorithms</a> and <a href="Statistical" class="mw-redirect" title="Statistical">statistical</a> calculations that are less often observed in a typical general business environment. For data analysis, software suites like <a href="SPSS" title="SPSS">SPSS</a> or <a href="SAS_(software)" title="SAS (software)">SAS</a>, or their free counterparts such as <a href="DAP_(software)" title="DAP (software)">DAP</a>, <a href="Gretl" title="Gretl">gretl</a>, or <a href="PSPP" title="PSPP">PSPP</a> are often used. These tools are usually helpful for processing various huge data sets, as they are able to handle enormous amount of statistical analysis.<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

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<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Systems">Systems</h2></div>

<p>A <b>data processing system</b> is a combination of <a href="Machine" title="Machine">machines</a>, people, and processes that for a set of <a href="Input/output" title="Input/output">inputs</a> produces a defined set of <a href="Input/output" title="Input/output">outputs</a>. The inputs and outputs are interpreted as <a href="Data" title="Data">data</a>, <a href="Fact" title="Fact">facts</a>, <a href="Information" title="Information">information</a> etc. depending on the interpreter's relation to the system.

</p><p>A term commonly used synonymously with <i>data or storage (codes) processing system</i> is <i><a href="Information_system#Types_of_information_system" title="Information system">information system</a></i>.<sup id="cite_ref-Ralston_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Ralston-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> With regard particularly to <a href="Electronic_data_processing" title="Electronic data processing">electronic data processing</a>, the corresponding concept is referred to as <b>electronic data processing system</b>.

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<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Examples">Examples</h3></div>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Simple_example">Simple example</h4></div>

<p>A very simple example of a data processing system is the process of maintaining a check register. Transactions— checks and deposits— are recorded as they occur and the transactions are summarized to determine a current balance. Monthly the data recorded in the register is reconciled with a hopefully identical list of transactions processed by the bank.

</p><p>A more sophisticated record keeping system might further identify the transactions— for example deposits by source or checks by type, such as charitable contributions. This information might be used to obtain information like the total of all contributions for the year.

</p><p>The important thing about this example is that it is a <i>system</i>, in which, all transactions are recorded consistently, and the same method of bank reconciliation is used each time.

</p>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Real-world_example">Real-world example</h4></div>

<p>This is a <a href="Flowchart" title="Flowchart">flowchart</a> of a data processing system combining manual and computerized processing to handle <a href="Accounts_receivable" title="Accounts receivable">accounts receivable</a>, billing, and <a href="General_ledger" title="General ledger">general ledger</a>

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<li><a href="Computation" title="Computation">Computation</a></li>

<li><a href="Computer_science" title="Computer science">Computer science</a></li>

<li><a href="Decision-making_software" title="Decision-making software">Decision-making software</a></li>

<li><a href="Information_Age" title="Information Age">Information Age</a></li>

<li><a href="Information_and_communications_technology" title="Information and communications technology">Information and communications technology</a></li>

<li><a href="Information_technology" title="Information technology">Information technology</a></li>

<li><a href="Computational_science" title="Computational science">Scientific computing</a></li></ul>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notes">Notes</h2></div>

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<li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Data processing is distinct from <i><a href="Word_processing" class="mw-redirect" title="Word processing">word processing</a></i>, which is manipulation of text specifically rather than data generally. <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">

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</style><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.webopedia.com/TERM/D/data_processing.html">"data processing"</a>. <i>Webopedia</i>. September 1996<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">June 24,</span> 2013</span>.</cite></span>

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<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2></div>

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<div class="side-box-text plainlist">Wikiquote has quotations related to <i><b><a href="https://en.wikiquote.org/wiki/Special:Search/Data_processing" class="extiw external" title="q:Special:Search/Data processing">Data processing</a></b></i>.</div></div>

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<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2></div>

<li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite id="CITEREFFrench1996" class="citation book cs1">French, Carl (1996). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=zVCdg7Tg6-AC&q=inauthor%3A%22Carl%20French%22&pg=PR2"><i>Data Processing and Information Technology (10th ed.)</i></a>. Thomson. p. 2. <a href="ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <bdi>1844801004</bdi>.</cite></span>

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<li id="cite_note-DPuse-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-DPuse_3-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation book cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/ngrams/graph?content=data+processing&year_start=1800&year_end=2000&corpus=15&smoothing=3&share="><i>Google N gram viewer</i></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">June 26,</span> 2013</span>.</cite></span>

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<li id="cite_note-Truesdell65-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Truesdell65_4-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Truesdell65_4-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite id="CITEREFTruesdell1965" class="citation book cs1"><a href="Leon_E._Truesdell" class="mw-redirect" title="Leon E. Truesdell">Truesdell, Leon E.</a> (1965). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://play.google.com/books/reader?id=MGZqAAAAMAAJ&printsec=frontcover&output=reader&authuser=0&hl=en&pg=GBS.PR1"><i>The development of punch card tabulation in the Bureau of the Census, 1890</i></a>. United States Department of Commerce.</cite></span>

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<li id="cite_note-Bohme91-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Bohme91_5-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Bohme91_5-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite id="CITEREFBohmeWyattCurry1991" class="citation book cs1">Bohme, Frederick; Wyatt, J. Paul; Curry, James P. (1991). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://play.google.com/store/books/details?id=uCeu4sHRLfgC&rdid=book-uCeu4sHRLfgC&rdot=1"><i>100 Years of Data Processing: The Punchcard Century</i></a>. United States Bureau of the Census.</cite></span>

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<li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation book cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/ngrams/graph?content=information+technology&year_start=1900&year_end=2000&corpus=15&smoothing=3&share=&direct_url=t1%3B%2Cinformation%20technology%3B%2Cc0"><i>Google N gram viewer</i></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">April 28,</span> 2018</span>.</cite></span>

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<li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite id="CITEREFVA_n2022" class="citation journal cs1">V, Jalajakshi; A n, Myna (2022-06-01). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.gltp.2022.03.019">"Importance of statistics to data science"</a>. <i>Global Transitions Proceedings</i>. International Conference on Intelligent Engineering Approach(ICIEA-2022). <b>3</b> (1): <span class="nowrap">326–</span>331. <a href="Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.gltp.2022.03.019">10.1016/j.gltp.2022.03.019</a></span>. <a href="ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/2666-285X">2666-285X</a>.</cite></span>

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<li id="cite_note-Ralston-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Ralston_8-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite id="CITEREFAnthony_Ralston2000" class="citation book cs1">Anthony Ralston; et al., eds. (2000). <i>Encyclopedia of Computer Science 4th ed</i>. Nature Publishing Group. p. 865.</cite></span>

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<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2></div>

<ul><li>Bourque, Linda B.; Clark, Virginia A. (1992) <i>Processing Data: The Survey Example</i>. (Quantitative Applications in the Social Sciences, no. 07-085). <a href="SAGE_Publications" class="mw-redirect" title="SAGE Publications">SAGE Publications</a>. <a href="ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <bdi>0-8039-4741-0</bdi></li>

<li>Levy, Joseph (1967) <i><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://bitsavers.trailing-edge.com/pdf/ibm/punchedCard/Training/Levy_Punched_Card_Data_Processing_1967.pdf">Punched Card Data Processing</a></i>. <a href="McGraw-Hill_Book_Company" class="mw-redirect" title="McGraw-Hill Book Company">McGraw-Hill Book Company</a>.</li></ul>

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</style><div id="Data8" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="Data" title="Data">Data</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Data_acquisition" title="Data acquisition">Acquisition</a></li>

<li><a href="Data_augmentation" title="Data augmentation">Augmentation</a></li>

<li><a href="Data_analysis" title="Data analysis">Analysis</a></li>

<li><a href="Data_anonymization" title="Data anonymization">Anonymization</a></li>

<li><a href="Data_archaeology" title="Data archaeology">Archaeology</a></li>

<li><a href="Data_cleansing" title="Data cleansing">Cleansing</a></li>

<li><a href="Data_collection" title="Data collection">Collection</a></li>

<li><a href="Data_compression" title="Data compression">Compression</a></li>

<li><a href="Data_corruption" title="Data corruption">Corruption</a></li>

<li><a href="Data_curation" title="Data curation">Curation</a></li>

<li><a href="Data_deduplication" title="Data deduplication">Deduplication</a></li>

<li><a href="Data_degradation" title="Data degradation">Degradation</a></li>

<li><a href="Data_de-identification" class="mw-redirect" title="Data de-identification">De-identification</a></li>

<li><a href="Data_ecosystem" title="Data ecosystem">Ecosystem</a></li>

<li><a href="Data_editing" title="Data editing">Editing</a></li>

<li><a href="Data_engineering" title="Data engineering">Engineering</a></li>

<li><a href="Data_erasure" title="Data erasure">Erasure</a></li>

<ul><li><a href="Data_extraction" title="Data extraction">Extract</a></li>

<li><a href="Data_transformation" class="mw-redirect" title="Data transformation">Transform</a></li>

<li><a href="Data_ethics" class="mw-redirect" title="Data ethics">Ethics</a></li>

<li><a href="Data_exhaust" title="Data exhaust">Exhaust</a></li>

<li><a href="Data_exploration" title="Data exploration">Exploration</a></li>

<li><a href="Data_farming" title="Data farming">Farming</a></li>

<li><a href="Data_format_management" title="Data format management">Format management</a></li>

<li><a href="Data_fusion" title="Data fusion">Fusion</a></li>

<li><a href="Data_governance" title="Data governance">Governance</a>

<ul><li><a href="Data_cooperative" title="Data cooperative">Cooperatives</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Data_infrastructure" title="Data infrastructure">Infrastructure</a></li>

<li><a href="Data_integration" title="Data integration">Integration</a></li>

<li><a href="Data_integrity" title="Data integrity">Integrity</a></li>

<li><a href="Data_library" class="mw-redirect" title="Data library">Library</a></li>

<li><a href="Data_lineage" title="Data lineage">Lineage</a></li>

<li><a href="Data_management" title="Data management">Management</a></li>

<li><a href="Data_migration" title="Data migration">Migration</a></li>

<li><a href="Data_mining" title="Data mining">Mining</a></li>

<li><a href="Data_philanthropy" title="Data philanthropy">Philanthropy</a></li>

<li><a href="Data_pre-processing" class="mw-redirect" title="Data pre-processing">Pre-processing</a></li>

<li><a href="Data_preservation" title="Data preservation">Preservation</a></li>

<li><a href="Information_privacy" title="Information privacy">Protection (privacy)</a></li>

<li><a href="Data_publishing" title="Data publishing">Publishing</a>

<li><a href="Data_recovery" title="Data recovery">Recovery</a></li>

<li><a href="Data_reduction" title="Data reduction">Reduction</a></li>

<li><a href="Data_redundancy" title="Data redundancy">Redundancy</a></li>

<li><a href="Data_re-identification" title="Data re-identification">Re-identification</a></li>

<li><a href="Data_remanence" title="Data remanence">Remanence</a></li>

<li><a href="Data_rescue" title="Data rescue">Rescue</a></li>

<li><a href="Data_retention" title="Data retention">Retention</a></li>

<li><a href="Data_quality" title="Data quality">Quality</a></li>

<li><a href="Data_science" title="Data science">Science</a></li>

<li><a href="Data_scraping" title="Data scraping">Scraping</a></li>

<li><a href="Data_scrubbing" title="Data scrubbing">Scrubbing</a></li>

<li><a href="Data_security" title="Data security">Security</a></li>

<li><a href="Data_sharing" title="Data sharing">Sharing</a></li>

<li><a href="Data_steward" title="Data steward">Stewardship</a></li>

<li><a href="Data_storage" title="Data storage">Storage</a></li>

<li><a href="Data_structure" title="Data structure">Structure</a></li>

<li><a href="Data_synchronization" title="Data synchronization">Synchronization</a></li>

<li><a href="Topological_data_analysis" title="Topological data analysis">Topological data analysis</a></li>

<li><a href="Data_validation" title="Data validation">Validation</a></li>

<li><a href="Data_warehouse" title="Data warehouse">Warehouse</a></li>

<li><a href="Data_wrangling" title="Data wrangling">Wrangling/munging</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>

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</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox authority-control" aria-labelledby="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q6661985#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata1333" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q6661985#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata1333" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Authority control databases </div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">International</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.worldcat.org/fast/872804">FAST</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">National</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://d-nb.info/gnd/4011152-0">Germany</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><span class="rt-commentedText tooltip tooltip-dotted" title="Data processing"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.loc.gov/authorities/sh99005487">United States</a></span></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.ndl.go.jp/auth/ndlna/00561493">Japan</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><span class="rt-commentedText tooltip tooltip-dotted" title="zpracování dat"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://aleph.nkp.cz/F/?func=find-c&local_base=aut&ccl_term=ica=ph127675&CON_LNG=ENG">Czech Republic</a></span></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nli.org.il/en/authorities/987013288719905171">Israel</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://lux.collections.yale.edu/view/concept/747e838f-e724-472d-aa0f-ada84b2f502b">Yale LUX</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div></div><div><div class="zim-footer">

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